Complete information of Nasopharyngeal Cancer types, treatment

Nasopharyngeal cancer is an cancer in the nasopharynx. For Information, the nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat that lies behind the nose and above the soft part of the roof of the mouth. There are some cancer that may develops in the nasopharynx include benign and malignant tumor. Nasopharynx is make up by Several layers of tissue, each tissue containing many different types of cells so different cancers can develop from each cell type.

Not all Nasopharyngeal is cancerous, some tumors may be non cancerous types. Non cancerous nasopharyngeal growths are rare and tend to occur in children. These include malformation growths of vascular blood systems (known as angiofibromas and haemangiomas), benign tumors of the minor salivary glands that are found throughout the head and neck within the nasopharynx.
Squamous cell cancers

Several types of cancers can develop from the tissue that makes up the nasopharynx. Most nasopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cell cancer starts in squamous cell (flat, skin like cells that line the inside of your mouth, nose, larynx and throat).
There are 3 types of Squamous cell cancers :
•Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
•Non-keratinizing differentiated carcinoma
•Undifferentiated carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal cancer Signs and Symptoms

• Painless, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck (present in approximately 75% of patients and often bilateral and posterior).
• Nasal obstruction.
• Epistaxis.
• Diminished hearing.
• Tinnitus.
• Recurrent otitis media.
• Cranial nerve dysfunction (usually II–VI or IX–XII).
• Sore throat.
• Headache.

Nasopharyngeal cancer  Diagnostic Tests
Diagnosis is made by biopsy of the nasopharyngeal mass. Workup includes the following:
•    Visual examination by mirror or endoscopic examination.
•    Documentation of the size and location of the tumor and neck nodes.
•    Evaluation of cranial nerve function and hearing.
•    Skull films (especially base-of-skull views) evaluating neural foramina.
•    Complete computed tomographic (CT) scan.
•    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with views delineating the upper and lower extent of the lesion.
•    Chest x-ray.
•    Hemogram.
•    Chemistry panel.

Nasopharyngeal Cancer Stage Information
Staging systems are all clinical staging and are based on the best possible estimate of the extent of disease before treatment. Assessment of the primary tumor is based on inspection and palpation, when possible, and by both indirect mirror examination and direct endoscopy when necessary. The tumor must be confirmed histologically, and any other pathologic data obtained on biopsy may be included. Evaluation of the function of the cranial nerves is especially appropriate for tumors of the nasopharynx. The appropriate nodal drainage areas are examined by careful palpation. Information from diagnostic imaging studies may be used in staging. Magnetic resonance imaging offers an advantage over computed tomographic scanning in the detection and localization of head and neck tumors and the distinction of lymph nodes from blood vessels. Positron emission tomography scans may be useful in detecting skeletal metastases in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer.

Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment
The treatment for Nasopharyngeal Cancer are:
Radiation therapy (include New radiation therapy techniques such as IMRT.) this is the primary treatment for Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Radiation therapy dose and field margins are individually tailored to the location and size of the primary tumor and lymph nodes
Chemotherapy. If the cancer has grown into lymph nodes or tissues around nasopharynx, the patient may have chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the same time. This treatment called as synchronous therapy or chemoradiation.
Surgery, is usually reserved for nodes that fail to cyre after radiation therapy or for nodes that reappear following clinical complete response
Biologic therapy.

reference: http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/Cancernet/CDR0000062918.html

Complete Information of Cervical Cancer

What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is cancer that occurs in the cervical region. This is the area in female reproductive organs of the entrance to the uterus. It lies between the womb (uterus) with a hole intercourse woman (vagina). 99.7% of these cancers are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) oncogenic, which affects the cervix . Starting occur in the cervix, when it has entered the stage, this cancer can spread to other organs in the body. 
How danger cervical cancer is?
World Health Organization (WHO) said that cervical cancer is ranked top place among the various types of cancer that causes death in women in the world . Why be so dangerous? Because cervical cancer appeared as enemies in a blanket. Difficult to detect until the disease has reached an advanced stage.

What is the cause of cervical cancer?

First, cervical cancer is caused by HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). This virus has more than 100 species, where most of them are harmless and will disappear by itself. HPV is frequently difficult to detect because genital warts are often skin colored and painless, and rarely causes symptoms
Second, other than caused by the HPV virus, abnormal cells on the cervix can also grow due to radiation exposure or contamination of chemicals that occur in the long term and also secondary cervical cancer.

What is cervical cancer symptoms?
In the early stages, cervical cancer causes no symptoms are easily observed. For this reason, people with high risk for cervical cancer is highly recommended to perform a pap smear test once every two years.  Physical symptoms of this disease is usually noticeable only at advanced stage of cancer.
Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer:
    * Emergence of pain and bleeding during intercourse (contact bleeding).
    * Excessive vaginal discharge and abnormal.
    * Bleeding outside of the menstrual cycle.
    * Drastic weight loss.
    * If the cancer has spread to the pelvis, the patient will suffer from back pain complaints
    * Also barriers in urination, and kidney enlargement.

How long this period of growth of cervical cancer?

Pre invasive period (growth of abnormal cells before they become malignant) disease is quite long, so people who detect it at an early stage can perform various steps cure the cancer and have more .
Persistent infection will lead to abnormal cell growth that could eventually lead to cancer development. This development takes between 5-20 years, starting from the stage of infection, pre-cancerous lesions to be positive cervical cancer.

Is it true that smokers' risk of contracting cervical cancer?

There are many studies that the relationship between smoking with increased risk of someone contracting cervical cancer. One is the research conducted at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and published in the British Journal of Cancer in 2001.
According Joakam Dillner, MD, researcher who led the research, nicotine substance as well as "poison" the other into the blood through the cigarette smoke can increase the likelihood of the condition of cervical neoplasia or abnormal growth of cells in the uterus. "Cervical neoplasia is the initial conditions of developing cervical cancer in a person's body.
Women are prone to cervical cancer are those aged between 35-50 years, especially you who have been sexually active before age 16 years. Sexual intercourse at the age too early could increase the risk of cervical cancer by 2 times compared to women who had sexual intercourse after the age of 20 years.
Cervical cancer is also associated with a number of opposite sex. The more the opposite sex you have, then increasing the risk of cervical cancer. Just as the number of sexual opponent, number of pregnancies that have also experienced increased risk of cervical cancer.

How can I detect cervical cancer

A Pap smear is a standard examination method for detecting cervical cancer but the Pap smear is not designed to detect HPV (only abnormal cervical changes) abnormal changes may indicate HPV infection or another vaginal infection. There is also the type of inspection using acetic acid (vinegar). Using vinegar is acetic acid which is relatively easier and cheaper to do. If you want more accurate results, there is now the latest examination techniques for early detection of cervical cancer, a technology called Hybrid Capture System II (HCII).
How to prevent cervical cancer?
    * Not having sex with a partner who alternated
    * Diligently doing a pap smear every two years for those who are already sexually active
    * And make HPV vaccination for those who have never made contact sexually
    * And of course maintaining a healthy body

Why is an HPV Vaccine an Important
In mid-2006 have been circulating vaccine against infection with HPV types 16 and 18 that cause cervical cancer. This vaccine works by increasing the body's immune and catch the virus before it enters the cells of the cervix.
In addition to fortify from cervical cancer, the vaccine is also working to protect women from the threat of multiple HPV types 6 and 11 that cause genital warts. That need to be emphasized is that this vaccination was only effective when given to girls aged 9 to 26 years who have not been sexually active. The vaccine is given as much as 3 times within a certain timeframe. With vaccination, the risk of cervical cancer can be decreased to 75%.

HPV vaccination side effects
This vaccine has been tested on thousands of women around the world. The results showed no harmful side effects. The most frequent complaints are fever and redness, pain, and swelling at the injection site. The vaccine itself is not recommended for pregnant women. However, nursing mothers should receive this vaccine.

Can cervical cancer be cured?

Since not complain about any symptoms, cervical cancer patients usually come to the hospital when the disease has reached stage 3. The problem is when cervical cancer has reached stage 2 - 4 it means the cancer has resulted in damage to body organs, such as bladder, kidney, and others. Therefore, surgical removal of the uterus alone is not enough to make people recover as usual. In addition to surgery, patients still have to obtain additional therapy, such as radiation and chemotherapy. The move was even not able to guarantee 100% of patients experience healing.

Complete Informations of Lung Cancer

There are two types of lung cancer,  Non-small cell lung Carcinoma (NSCCA) and small cell lung Carcinoma (SCCA). Primary lung tumors is cancer that originated or started in the lungs. Vast majority are bronchogenic carcinomas (90-95%). About 5% of primary lung tumors are bronchial carcinoid tumors. Remaining 2-5% are mesenchymal tumors or other miscellaneous neoplasms. Metastatic Lung Cancer (Secondary lung cancer) is lung cancer from somewhere else in the body. Both carcinomas and sarcomas arising anywhere in the body (bowel or breast for instance) may spread to the lungs via the blood or lymphatics. Growth of contiguous tumors into the lungs occurs most often with esophageal carcinomas and mediastinal lymphomas.

Lung  Cancer Risks Factor
The most common cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoke, relative risk 10-20 times (Risk returns to that of non-smokers 10-20 yrs after smoking cessation).  Genetics and exposure to asbestos, arsenic, beryllium, marijuana, nickel, radon can also cause people to develop lung cancer. Other cause for lung cancer is Radiation Exposure but this is extremely rare.

Symptoms Lung Cancer
The most common symptoms of lung cancer is Shortness of breath, Cough. Hemoptysis, Fever associated with PNA, Constant chest pain, Shoulder pain, Superior venal caval syndrome, Horner's syndrome. Pancoast's syndrome, Ipsilateral supraclavicular, Loss of appetite and/or weight loss, Fatigue.

Lung Cancer Stage (TNM Staging for Lung Cancer)

Lung Cancer Stage

lung cancer stage explanation, lung cancer stage 4 is patient with conditions in any T , N , and M
Tx: Tumor proved by the presence of malignant cells in bronchopulmonary secretions but not visible roentgenographically or bronchoscopically, or any tumor that cannot be assessed, as in a re-treatment staging
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
T1S: Carcinoma in situ
T1: A tumor 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without evidence of invasion proximal to a lobar bronchus at bronchoscopy
T2: A tumor more than 3 cm in greatest dimension, or a tumor of any size that either invades the visceral pleura or has associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis extending to the hilar region; at bronchoscopy, the proximal extent of demonstrable tumor must be within a lobar bronchus or at least 2 cm distal to the carina; any associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis must involve less than an entire lung
T3: A tumor of any size w/direct extension into chest wall (including sulcus tumors), diaphragm, or mediastinal pleura of pericardium without involving heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, or vertebral body, or a tumor in main bronchus within 2 cm of the carina without involving the carina
T4: A tumor of any size w/invasion of mediastinum or involving heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina or the presence of malignant pleural effusion
N0: No demonstrable metastasis to regional lymph nodes
N1: Metastasis to lymph nodes in the peribronchial or ipsilateral hilar region, or both, including direct extension
N2: Metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes and subcarinal lymph nodes
N3: Metastasis to contralateral mediastinal lymph nodes, contralateral hilar lymph nodes, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene or supraclavicular lymph nodes
M0: No (known) distant metastasis
M1: Distant metastasis present specify sites

Lung Cancer Treatment
Surgery
The type of surgery depends on the size of the tumour.  if the operation performed safely, surgery is the best option to remove lung cancer cells (specially for non small cell lung cancer).
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy may be injected directly into a vein or taken by oral. This modality is either used with radiation, before surgery or in cases where operation treatment is not feasible.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy is a form of high energy X-ray that kills cancer cells. It is effective, but generally restricted to patients too frail for an operation and or chemotherapy. It is often used in combination with surgery and chemotherapy to kills cancer cells.

Complete Information Of Follicular Thyroid Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis

About 44,670 Americans are diagnosed with thyroid cancer each year, according to the National Cancer Institute. Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing at a faster rate among American men and women than any other type of cancer. Follicular thyroid cancer makes up about 15 percent of these cases. Follicular thyroid cancer begins in the follicular cells and grows slowly; it can be treated successfully if diagnosed at an early stage. About 1,500 Americans die from all types of thyroid cancer each year. This relatively low death rate is due to successful early detection and treatment in most cases.
follicular thyroid cancer Risk Factors
Women are three times more likely than men to have follicular thyroid cancer. Most cases afflict individuals between the ages of 40 and 60. Potential risk factors include having a benign thyroid nodule, a family history of thyroid cancer, and too little iodine in the diet. Unlike papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer is rarely associated with exposure to high levels of radiation.
Follicular thyroid cancer stems from nodules in the thyroid. Ninety percent of these nodules are benign and do not need to be treated. Cancerous nodules, however, can become life-threatening by spreading via blood vessels to other organs such as the lungs and bones, as well as to other tissues.
Nodules can be detected when your primary care physician checks your neck and throat and feels the thyroid for lumps. Otherwise, early thyroid cancer does not have symptoms. If the cancer grows, symptoms may include a lump in the front of the neck, hoarseness or voice changes, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, trouble swallowing or breathing, or throat or neck pain.

Follicular Thyroid Cancer diagnosis
If patient symptoms suggest the possibility of thyroid cancer, physician will order a blood test that the pathologist will check for abnormal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Too much or too little TSH shows that the thyroid is not working well.
Physian may also order an ultrasound and thyroid scan, which are reviewed by radiologists. The removal of cells by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or tissue by a biopsy are sent to the pathologist for examination. An ultrasound or thyroid scan can create images of thyroid nodules that the radiologist can view for signs of cancer. An FNA or a biopsy, however, are the only potential sure ways to diagnose cancer.
Next step to do is determine the cancer’s stage to plan the best treatment. This process involves determining the size of the cancerous nodule, whether or not the cancer has spread and, if so, to what parts of the body. Follicular thyroid cancer spreads most often to the various organs, including lungs and bones, and rarely spreads to lymph nodes. Stage 1 cancers are small and confined to the thyroid, and stage 4 tumors have spread well beyond the thyroid. Stages 2 and 3 describe conditions in between these two extremes. Staging may involve tests including ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, chest x-rays, or whole body scans. These tests enable the pathologist to determine where the cancer has spread and its stage.

Follicular Thyroid Cancer Treatment
treatment will depend on the type of thyroid cancer you have, the size of the nodule, your age, and whether or not the cancer has spread. The pathologist consults with your primary care physician or specialist. Together, using their combined experience and knowledge, they determine treatment options most appropriate for your condition. It’s important to learn as much as you can about your treatment options and make the decision that’s right for you.
Follicular thyroid cancer may be treated with surgery, external radiation therapy, thyroid hormone treatment, radioactive iodine therapy, or chemotherapy. Many patients receive a combination of these treatments.
Surgery and external radiation therapy are local therapies that remove or destroy cancer in the thyroid. When the cancer has spread beyond the thyroid, these two therapies can control the disease in the thyroid. The most common surgical procedure for follicular thyroid cancer is the total thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid), with lobectomy (removal of part of the thyroid) used in some cases of stage 1 cancer. In addition, a surgeon will perform a lymphectomy if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. External radiation therapy is generally used after surgery; this therapy uses high-energy beams projected from outside the body to destroy any remaining cancer.
Thyroid hormone treatment, radioactive iodine therapy, and chemotherapy are systemic therapies that are delivered through the bloodstream to destroy or stop the progression of cancer cells present throughout the body. These therapies also can reduce pain.
Any of these treatments may cause side effects and alter your normal activities. Ask your primary care physician or specialist to explain possible side effects thoroughly so that you know what to expect. If your treatment removes or destroys your entire thyroid, or a large portion of your thyroid, you will be required to take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life to replace the natural thyroid hormone. If the surgeon removes the parathyroid glands, located behind the thyroid, you will need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements for the rest of your life.
Follow-up care is very important because thyroid cancer comes back in up to 30 percent of all cases. Also, if you receive radioactive iodine therapy or external radiation therapy, you have an increased chance of developing other cancers later in your life. You should receive regular blood tests to check your levels of TSH and thyroglobulin (thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid). Your physicians also may recommend repeating some of the diagnostic and staging tests to see if the cancer has returned.

Complete Information Of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancers are quite rare, accounting for only 1.5% of all cancers in adults and 3% of all cancers in children, but the rate of new cases is increasing in the last decades. The highest incidence of thyroid carcinomas in the world is found among female Chinese residents of Hawaii. During the last few years, the frequency of papillary cancer has increased, but this increase in frequency is related to an improvement in diagnostic techniques and the information campaign about this carcinoma. Of all thyroid cancers, 74-80% of cases are papillary cancer. Follicular carcinoma incidences are higher in regions where incidence of endemic goiter is high.

Papillary thyroid cancer is characterized by its papillary architectural growth pattern but more importantly by the changes in the appearance of the nuclei of the tumor. Any cancerous nodule can become life-threatening by spreading via lymphatic spaces or blood vessels to lymph nodes or nearby bones and other organs. However, among all malignant neoplasms, there is a low death rate for papillary thyroid cancer.
Nodules can be detected when your primary care physician checks your neck and throat and feels the thyroid for lumps. Otherwise, early thyroid cancer does not have symptoms. If the cancer grows, symptoms may include a lump in the front of the neck, hoarseness or voice changes, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, trouble swallowing or breathing, or throat or neck pain.

Papillary Thyroid Cancer Risk Factors
Women are three times more likely than men to have papillary thyroid cancer. Most cases afflict individuals between the ages of 30 and 50. Associated risk factors include radiation exposure, a family history of thyroid cancer, and too much iodine in the diet. Less often, papillary thyroid cancer is associated with having a goiter, benign thyroid nodule, or multiple colon growths (familial polyposis). Also, papillary thyroid cancer has been linked to nuclear weapons testing in the western United States and to accidents in nuclear power plants and atomic weapons production facilities (for example, the Chernobyl nuclear facility accident).

Papillary Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis
If patient symptoms suggest the possibility of thyroid cancer, usually physician will order a blood test that the pathologist will check for abnormal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Too much or too little TSH shows that the thyroid is not working well. Blood test results also can show a changed  RET (Rearranged during Transfection) gene passed from parent to child.

Physician may order an ultrasound and thyroid scan for review by radiologists. Cells removed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or tissue removed by a biopsy are sent to the pathologist to examine. An ultrasound or thyroid scan creates images of thyroid nodules that the radiologist can view for signs of cancer. An FNA or a biopsy, however, are the only potential sure ways to diagnose cancer.

papillary thyroid cancer Stage
Pathologist and primary care doctor determine the cancer’s stage to plan the best treatment. This process involves determining the size of the cancerous nodule, whether or not the cancer has spread and, if so, to what parts of the body. Thyroid cancer spreads most often to the lymph nodes, and much less often to the lungs and to bones. Stage 1 cancers are small and confined to the thyroid, and stage 4 tumors have spread well beyond the thyroid. Stages 2 and 3 describe conditions in between these two extremes. Staging may involve tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, chest x-rays, or whole body scans. These tests enable the pathologist to determine where the cancer has spread and its stage.
Papillary Thyroid Cancer Treatment
papillary thyroid cancer Treatment will depend on the size of the nodule, your age, and whether or not the cancer has spread. The pathologist consults with your primary care physician or specialist. Together, using their combined experience and knowledge, they determine treatment options most appropriate for your condition. It’s important to learn as much as you can about your treatment options and make the decision that’s right for you.

Papillary thyroid cancer may be treated with surgery, external radiation therapy, thyroid hormone treatment, radioactive iodine therapy, or chemotherapy. Many patients receive a combination of these treatments. Surgery and external radiation therapy are local therapies that remove or destroy cancer in the thyroid. When the cancer has spread beyond the thyroid, these two therapies can control the disease in the thyroid. Common surgical procedures are the total thyroidectomy (removal of the entire thyroid gland), the lobectomy (removal of part of the thyroid), and lymphectomy, which removes lymph nodes where the cancer has spread. External radiation therapy is generally used after surgery; this therapy uses high-energy beams projected from outside the body to destroy any remaining cancer. Thyroid hormone treatment, radioactive iodine therapy, and chemotherapy are systemic therapies delivered through the bloodstream to destroy or stop the progression of cancer cells present throughout the body. These therapies also can reduce pain.

Any of these treatments may cause side effects and alter your normal activities. Ask your primary care physician or specialist to explain possible side effects thoroughly. If your treatment removes or destroys your entire thyroid, or a large portion of your thyroid, you will be required to take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life to replace the natural thyroid hormone. If the surgeon removes the parathyroid glands, located behind the thyroid, you will need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements for the rest of your life.

Follow-up care is very important because thyroid cancer comes back in up to 30 percent of all cases. Also, if you receive radioactive iodine therapy or external radiation therapy, you have an increased chance of developing other cancers later in your life. You should receive regular blood tests to check your levels of TSH and thyroglobulin (thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid). Your physicians also may recommend repeating some of the diagnostic and staging tests to see if the cancer has returned.

The Complete Information Of Ocular Melanoma (Eye Cancer)

Risk factors for ocular melanoma ( Eye Cancer) include:
1. Age and Gender
Chronic glaucoma is rare before age 40. The risk of glaucoma is almost doubled every 10 years after age 50. Chronic glaucoma usually occurs in elderly women.
2. Race
Ocular meloma have a tendency to attack black skin people three times greater than white people, and six times to suffer permanent blindness due to glaucoma. Asians, especially Vietnamese also have a great risk.
3. Offspring
Glaucoma can be inherited in families. If one of your parents had glaucoma, then your risk of glaucoma at around 20%. If your brother or sister have it, the risk were increase up to 50%.
4. Medical Conditions
If you have diabetes, then your risk of glaucoma is three times greater than those without diabetes. A history of high blood pressure or heart disease may also increase risk. In addition, inflammatory eye diseases, such as eye tumors, retinal detachment and eye surgery also increases the risk of glaucoma.
5. Nearsighted
The results of extensive studies show that people with nearsightedness (myopia) are at risk two to three times more likely to develop glaucoma than those who do not suffer from myopia.
6. Physical injury
Severe trauma, such as the eye hit, could increase pressure on the eye. Injuries also can transform the location of the lens, so the drainage angle is closed.
7. Prolonged use of corticosteroids
Corticosteroid eye drops are used during long periods of time to treat a disease can also increase your risk of glaucoma.

Symptoms of Eye Melanoma
Sometimes there are visible symptoms of ocular melanoma, especially in the early stages. In this case, eye melanoma is usually diagnosed through a routine eye examination by an optician. Symptoms of melanoma in the eye include:
• Blurred vision in one eye
• Floaters (small spots on the eye)
• Changes in iris color or dark spots on the iris
• Red and sore eyes
• Eyes bulging
• Loss of peripheral vision

Eye Melanoma Treatment
Treatment of ocular melanoma is based on part of the eye is affected and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Surgery is a common method of treatment by removing some or all of the eye. Removal of the eye (enucleation) may be necessary in some cases of large tumors when other treatment methods are not suitable. Artificial eye can be made in many cases. Prosthetic eye today is much more realistic than in the past. Created by talented experts, trained people who called ocularists.

Radiation therapy is also a common method of treatment of ocular melanoma. This may be the sole treatment or after surgery. There are two types of radiation therapy are external and internal. Both use a certain energy to disrupt the activity of cancer cells to eliminate them and prevent cell division. External radiation provides radiation of a special machine that targets the tumor site externally. Radiation method is specific and limiting damage to surrounding tissue. Internal radiation (brachytherapy), often called plaque therapy, treatment of ocular melanoma using the "seed" or "plaque" radioactive implanted near the tumor site to deliver therapy. Typically, remain embedded for 7 days and then retrieved.

Radiation therapy effective against ocular melanoma, but not without side effects. Red, dry eye is a common side effect. Cataracts are sometimes the result of therapy, but surgery may be an option to remove it. Bilumata loss and shortening can also occur. Radiation therapy can cause damage to the optic nerve, glaucoma, and abnormal blood vessels in the retina, but it rarely happens.

Damage to the eye nerve (optic nerve) located behind the eye and resulting in decreased peripheral vision (peripheral) and ends with blindness.
These diseases include the second cause of blindness in the world, an estimated 70 million people worldwide suffer from glaucoma. With eyes examined earlier, the blindness caused by glaucoma can be prevented. Although there is no cure for glaucoma, but the damage to the view can be controlled or prevented.

Bone Cancer Symptoms and Treatment

About Bone Cancer
Bone cancer can starts from the bone themselves or spread from somewhere else in the body (for example, a person affected by breast tumors, and then spread to the bone and then gnaw the bone). There are three kinds of tumors of the bone cancer; osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and Chondrosarcoma.

The difference bone cancer with Osteoporosis
Bone cancer and Osteoporosis is clearly different, Osteoporosis characterized by the fragility of bones, caused by calcium deficiency.  Osteoporosis usually occurs in elderly people. Bone cancer can attack at all age and the cause is not clearly and easy to identify. 

Bone Cancer Symptoms
Not all bone cancer have symptoms or signs. For symptoms of benign bone tumors, usually the patient felt no pain at all. Sometimes people do not that they have bone cancer, this cancer clearly identify after x-ray test. But The most common symptom of bone tumors is pain. In most cases, the symptoms become gradually more severe with time. Initially, pain may be present only at night or when have a hard activity, depending on the tumors stage. Other bone cancer symptoms: Fever, chills, night sweats, and weight loss can occur but are much less common. These symptoms are more common after the tumor has spread to other tissues in the body.

Bone Cancer Treatment 

Nearly, every malignant bone cancer was always performed amputation to avoid death. Now there is more “respectable” way to cure this cancer. Expert has develop new way to cure bone cancer and this method has more than 80% success rate. If the cancer not spread yet the bone may be patched or cemented, but if the cancer has spread the cure can be done with limb salvage method. Limb salvage is replace the sick or removed bone with other bone from donors.

Diagnosing Bone Cancer
First thing your doctor will do is take your complete medical history. This will give your doctor clues to your diagnosis. Some types of cancer is common in people if they have family members who have type of cancer. Clearly description of your symptoms can help your doctor identify the possibility of bone cancer. Next, a complete physical examination can help find the cause of your pain. This may include muscle strength test, touch and reflexes test. Certain blood tests may be ordered to help identify a possible cancer. Others way to identify bone cancer is take X-rays.
A CT scan is a more advanced tests that can provide a cross sectional picture of your bones. This test provides very good detail of your bones and better chance to identify a possible tumor. CT scan also provides additional information on the size and location of the tumor.
An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is another advanced tests that can also provide cross sectional images. MRI provides better detail of soft tissues including muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels rather than a CT scan. This test can provide better detail on whether or not the tumor has broken through the bone and bone involving the soft tissues surrounding it.

Colon Cancer Risk Factors and Treatment

Colon Cancer Risk Factors
Age
When the age increasing the risk of colon cancer is increasing too. Colon cancer is more common in people aged over 50 years, but nowadays it also can occur at a younger age.
Race and ethnicity. Race African Americans are more risk of developing colon cancer than other races, although not obtained a clear answer why this happened. Ashkenazi Jew also have a high risk for development of this cancer. Some genetic mutations found in Ashkenazi Jews, which make greater chance to get this cancer.
Family History. If you have a family history with colon cancer experience, you probably have a greater risk for developing colon cancer as well.
Medical history. Polyps is other risk factor for colon cancer. Polyps are a mass of growth in the colon. As many as 70-90% of cases of colon cancer comes from polyps, and lift operation will reduce the risk of polyps become colon cancer. However, removal of polyps is not mean we're free from colon cancer because these polyps can grow back. The best way to overcome this problem is to conduct regular examinations of the colon. Another colon cancer risk factor is gastrointestinal tract (inflammatory bowel disease).
Genetics.
There are two types of genes are most associated with colon cancer, Familial adenomatous (FAP) and Hereditary Non-polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC). About 5% cases of colon cancer because these genes and Peutz-jeghers syndrome.
Other risk factors. There are several other risk factors that lead to colon cancer such as smoking, alcohol, physical activity level, obesity.

Colon Cancer TreatmentSurgery is usually the primary treatment for early-stage colon cancer.
A Polipectomi is a common method used by physicians (experts endoscope) to remove dangerous colon polyps (leading to pre-cancer) at the time of colonoscopy.  When polyps become a cancer, an operation called colectomy or segmental resection is needed. Usually the doctor will remove the affected part of bowel cancer (including nearby lymph nodes), and then reconnect the remaining bowel.
Long-term prognosis after surgery depends on whether the area affected by cancer (metastasis). The risk of metastasis is proportional to the inside penetration of the cancer. In patients with early colon cancer is confined to the outer layer (superficial) bowel wall, surgery is often become the only option, at this stage survival chance is more than 80%. In patients with advance colon cancer stage, where the tumor has penetrated into the back of the bowel wall and no evidence of metastasis to organs distant, five-year survival rate is less than 10%.
In some patients, there was no evidence of distant metastasis at the time of surgery, but the cancer has penetrated deeply into the colon wall or reach the lymph nodes nearby. These patients are risk of tumor recurrence from one of these locally or in remote organs. Chemotherapy in these patients may delay tumor recurrence and improve survival.
A laparoscopic surgical colostomy using more sophisticated techniques that do not require such a long incision in the usual surgery (open surgery). Some of the benefits of this method is a pain after surgery is much reduced and the patient does not need to be hospitalized for long time.
At the early stage of rectum cancer, doctors may perform surgery such as excision of local and trans-anal local resection, this method is done without making incision in the skin.
At stage II and III  of colon cancer and rectum cancer, may require more serious treatment treatment / surgery, with one of these methods:
Low Anterior Resection: This method is done when the position is located above the rectum cancers close to the border of the colon. The surgeon needs to make an open incision in the abdomen to remove the cancer (and their lymph nodes are infected), without affecting the anus.
Proctectomy with colo-anal anastomotosis: When the cancer lies between the middle and two thirds below the anus, the rectum and entire colon that attached to the anus needs to be removed. This is called a colo-anal anastomosis (anastomosis means connection).
Abdominoperineal resection (AP): If the cancer is at the rectum bottom near the anus, the surgeon also needs to lift her anus.
Colon Cancer Surgery side effects.
Side effects of surgery depend on many things, such as the operating level and the person's general health before surgery. The pain after surgery, is generally felt. Other effects that may arise include: bleeding, blood clots in the legs, and damage to nearby organs during surgery. In rare cases, a connection can leak and cause intestinal infections. Manufacture of ostomy or urostomy also can sometimes cause a sense of awkwardness and stress for patients at an early stage. For that, they need guidance from the paramedics so that you can get used to living habits as well as voiding the new Chapter.
Surgery can also affect your sex life. Some side effects that may arise, among others, does not discharge semen during orgasm, erection problems in men, as well as pain and decreased sexual arousal in women.
Colon Cancer Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy treatment usually use when cancer are attached to internal organs or the inner lining of abdomen. In this case radiotherapy is used after surgery to ensure all cancer cell has been died. For rectal cancer, radiation is often given either before or after surgery to help prevent cancer recurrence.
A special technique of radiotherapy can be performed in cases of rectal cancer with small tumors. Radio-surgery therapy technique allows removal of the tumor, without the need to perform open surgery. In some cases that patients can not undergo open surgery the Brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy) is an option. In this method, small pellets or seeds of radioactive material placed directly into the cancer in the short term with the aim of turning off the cancer without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.
Colon Cancer Chemotherapy Treatment
Chemotherapy treatment use drugs, the drugs given by infusion or oral (tablet) to kill the cancer cell. Chemotherapy is sometimes used before surgery to shrink the cancer, or in cases of metastatic colon cancer to the liver.

Complete Information Of Brain Cancer Signs and Treatment

Brain Cancer Signs
Every types of brain cancer has different signs depends on where the cancer develop. The brain has different parts and functions, so the cancer symptoms had become different too.
General Cerebral Cancer Symptoms
Symptoms of brain cancer is a change in mild mental or psychomotor asthenia. Mild mental changes can be felt by people with close family. Examples of mild mental changes are easily offended, like emotion, forgetfulness, mental instability of slow activity and loss of initiative.
Baseline characteristics of brain cancer vary widely, depending on where the affected part of the brain. For example headache or feel nauseated. Here are the symptoms of brain cancer that you should be aware of:
Headache
Next is a symptom of brain cancer with the occurrence of headache. Experts estimate that 1% of the cause of the headache is due to the occurrence of brain cancer. And an estimated 30% of all brain tumors occur early symptoms of brain cancer and is experiencing pain in the head.
The nature of the headache varies. Ranging from mild and episodi, moderate, and even brain cancer symptoms of severe and throbbing headache. Brain cancer symptoms of headache is usually worse at night.
Including when I wake up in the morning and in a state of high intracranial pressure elevation. The existence of pain in the head with psychomotor asthenia is above suspicion and be aware of the occurrence of brain tumors or brain cancer.
Gag
Brain cancer symptoms with vomiting was found in 30% of cases. General symptoms of brain cancer and vomiting is accompanied by headache. In case of headache accompanied by vomiting it must be aware that this is a symptom of brain cancer.
Seizures
Early brain cancer symptoms is seizures that was found in approximately 25% of brain cancer patients and more than 35% cases at advanced stage. And there were an estimated 2% of the cause of the seizures is a tumor / brain cancer.
Other Brain Cancer Symptoms
Other symptom of brain cancer is vision and hearing reduced or may be loss. Among them also the occurrence of disturbances in walking (balance) and neurological disorders. If the baby's crown is usually enlarged and prominent.

How to prevent Brain Cancer
Preventing certainly much better than cure right? Any cancer disease, either cervical cancer, breast cancer, as well as other cancers including brain cancers can be prevented as early as possible. To prevent brain cancer is to live healthy and consume foods and beverages that contain proxeronin. Proxeronin is an excellent substance to control the cell growth. Preventing certainly the best way.

Brain Cancer Treatment
Brain cancer treatment through the medical
1. Surgery
Operations performed for cancers that are reachable by surgery and not anywhere near a sensitive part of the brain. Risk of surgery on brain cancer is quite high, ranging from nerve damage that can lead to sensory disorders, and bleeding in the brain that can trigger an infection.
2. Radiation
Radiation are often used to treat brain cancer is the X-rays, which were fired from outside. This therapy is often done after surgery to clean up the cancer cells that may remain. Side effects include trigger fatigue, headaches and scalp irritation.
3. Chemotherapy
Complaints most often when using chemotherapeutic drugs are nausea vomiting. Hair loss is also difficult to avoid because the drugs are not specific, only killing cells that are growing relatively quickly include cancer cells and hair cells.
Brain cancer treatment through alternative or Herbs medicine
There are so many alternative treatments for brain cancer. Nature provides a lot of herbs or herbal ingredients to cure various diseases including brain cancer. In asian herbal medicine, the cure for brain cancer is the ant nest, soursop leaves that well known as anti cancer and Pandanus conoideus lam

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms, Treatment, Risk Faktors

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms

In the early stages,  pancreatic cancer usually has no specific symptoms. But when the cancer has increased the patients will feel pain after eating or lying down. Pancreatic cancer can also cause nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss.
One type of pancreatic cancer is cancer of the island of cells (islet cell cancer), this cancer begins in cells of the pancreas that produce insulin and other hormones. Islet cells called islets of Langerhans. Cancer cells can lead to pancreatic islet cells produce too much insulin or hormones. When this happens, patients may feel weak or dizzy and may be cold (shivering), muscle cramps, or diarrhea.

Diagnosis
Early diagnosis in pancreatic cancer is usually difficult to be done because the pancreatic cancer does not cause specific symptoms in the early stages. Physical observations and results from blood tests are also often normal. When a suspected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, the most appropriate diagnostic tests are computed tomography (CT). Other examinations are commonly used is the scanner 'ultrasound', endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Biopsy
Each cancer hypothesis should be confirmed with laboratory studies of small pancreas sample (pancreatic tissue) taken by a doctor during a special ultrasound, performed under general anesthesia and is called echo-endoscope. Research hormonal function (hypoglycemia, diabetes, etc.) will also be very useful. Sometimes surgical exploration of the pancreas is needed to conclude with certainty the presence of pancreatic cancer.
Blood screening tests
There is no reliable blood test for pancreatic cancer. Many people know that the pancreas is where insulin is made, but the cells do not normally get involved in cancer. In contrast, cancer cells occurs in an enzyme maker that helps you digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the foods you eat. Most of the pancreatic cancer which attacks the part of producing the enzyme.
Pancreatic cancer can be characterized by an increase in "tumor markers" in blood (a substance produced by cancer cells): CA 19-9 in exocrine gland cancer and chromogranin A in endocrine gland cancer. However, these screening methods are not always reliable. The signs can remain stable despite the cancer. Conversely, other diseases can cause an increase in height, such as gallstones or pancreatitis. As a result, doctors not only use blood tests to detect this disease. They complement the results of blood tests with other medical examinations.
Abdominal imaging
Pancreatic tumors may be discovered during an ultrasound or CT-scan. Ultrasound and CT-scan can visualize the pancreatic tumor and the possible consequences, such as compression of the bile duct. If there is cancer in the head of the pancreas, bile ducts can be depressed. This test also aims to explore the possibility of organ involvement, or lymph vessels near the pancreas. The results of this investigation to determine the tumor stage. Additional testing can be done, such as pancreatic endoscopy. Performed with general anesthesia, this test is to observe the bile ducts and pancreas by injecting a contrast agent (radiopaque).

Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Because adenocarcinoma of the pancreas usually spread to other parts of the body before it was discovered, prognosisinya very low. Less than 2% of people suffering from adenocarcinoma of the pancreas survive for 5 years after diagnosis. Hope is the only cure is surgery, performed at 10 to 20% of people who believe that the cancer had not spread. One of the pancreas alone or pancreas and the duodenum removed. After some operations, only 15 to 20% of people live to 5 years. Additional chemotherapy and radiation therapy is usually given but may not improve survival time or rate substantially.
Eliminated the possibility of mild pain with aspirin or acetaminophen. Often, strong painkillers, like codeine or morphine are used by mouth, is required. For 70 to 80% of people with severe pain, injections into the nerves to block pain can produce relief. Leaks on pancreatic digestive enzymes can be treated with an oral enzyme preparation. If diabetes is formed, insulin treatment may be needed.
Blockage of bile flow may be temporarily relieved by placing a tube (stent) in the lower abdomen on the channels that drain bile from the liver and gallbladder.

Risk Factors
Smoking increases the risk of pancreatic cancer by three times. The risk increases with intensity and duration of smoking, and decreases with smoking cessation. Other risk factors are found in pancreatic cancer is hereditary, but genetic predisposition explains only a small fraction of these cancers. When multiple cases of pancreatic cancer diagnosed in your family, you need regular monitoring and screening. Other suspected risk factors are alcohol consumption and diet.

Breast Cancer Treatment, Symptoms, Risks

Facts and Numbers

According to WHO 8-9% of women will develop breast cancer. This makes breast cancer as a type of cancer is most common in women. Every year more than 250,000 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed in Europe and approximately 175,000 in the United States. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women.  Every year in the United States of 44.000 patients die of this disease whereas in Europe more than 165.000 cases. After treatment, approximately 50%  patients had late-stage breast cancer and survived only 18-30 months.

Breast Cancer Symptoms
Here some symptoms you must take care that may be symptoms of breast cancer:

• Your breast-lump change shape / size
• Breast skin changed color: from pink to brown to orange peel
• One of your nipples suddenly missing
• If the tumor was large, appeared pain relapsing-remitting
• Breast skin feels like burn, pain in the nipple
• Breast bleeding or other fluid

Causes and Risk Factors
Some factors that can increase the risk of breast cancer.

• Family history of breast cancer (Genetic cause)
• Age
• Gender
• Environmental ( radiation)
• Not having children
• The first pregnancy at age above 30 years
• a longer menstrual periods
• Hormonal factors (both estrogens and androgens).

From the above risk factors, family history and age become most important factors. Family history who have had breast cancer increases risk of getting this disease. The researchers also found that the damage two genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase a woman's risk of developing cancer up to 85%. Interestingly, genetic factors affect only 5-10% of occurrence of breast cancer and this suggests that other risk factors plays an important role.
The importance of age as a risk factor is reinforced by data that 78% of cancer breast occurred in patients aged over 50 years and only 6% in patients less than 40 years. The average age at the time of the discovery of cancer is 64 years old. The study also evaluates the role of lifestyle factors in cancer development breast which includes pesticides, alcohol consumption, obesity, fat intake and lack of physical exercise.

Breast Cancer Diagnosis 

Numerous studies show that breast cancer detection and early treatment and can increase life expectancy and provide more treatment options to patients. An estimated 95% of women who diagnosed with breast cancer at an early stage can survive more than five years after diagnosis, so many doctors who recommends that women undergo 'aware' (check your own breasts - when menstruation) at home on a regular basis and recommend audits be conducted annual routine to detect lumps in the breast. In general, cancer breast detected by patients themselves and is usually a small and hard lump. In many cases these lumps do not hurt, but some women experience cancer that causes breast pain.
In addition to physical tests, mammography annually or twice a year and a special ultrasound breast is recommended to detect abnormalities in elderly women, particularly women with high-risk breast cancer. If the lump can be palpated or abnormalities detected at mammography, a biopsy is necessary to obtain tissue samples to be tested under a microscope and examine the possibility of a tumor.
If cancer is diagnosed, it is necessary to do a series of tests such as receptor status hormone in the affected tissues. New types of tests that also includes HER2 gene testing (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) to the tumor. This gene is associated with the growth of cancer cells aggressive. Said to be HER2-positive patients if the tumor is found HER2 in large numbers. With HER2-positive cancer known as an aggressive form of cancer breast and has an estimated course of the disease is worse than patients with HER2-negative. An estimated one in four to five patients with late stage breast cancer have HER2-positive.

Breast Cancer Treatment
Management of breast cancer conducted with a series of treatment include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy and the latest is immunological therapy (antibody). The treatment is intended to destroy cancer or limit the progression of the disease and relieve symptoms. The diversity of this type of therapy requires that therapy be done individually.
Surgery
Primary tumor is usually removed by surgery. Surgical procedures performed in patients with breast cancer depends on stage of disease, type tumor, age and condition of the patient's health in general. The surgeon can remove the tumor (lumpectomy), breast lift some of which contain cancer cells or the removal of the entire breast (mastectomy). To improve life expectancy, surgery is usually followed by additional therapy such as radiation, hormone or chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is done with X-rays with high intensity to kill cancer cells are not elevated during surgery.
Hormone Therapy
Hormonal therapy can inhibit the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors and can be used as complementary therapy after surgery.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy drugs used both in the early stages or advanced stages of cancer.
Immunologic therapies
Approximately 15-25% of breast tumors indicate the presence of the protein triggers the growth or HER2 in excess and for such patients, trastuzumab, an antibody specifically designed to attack the HER2 and inhibit growth tumors, could be a therapeutic option. Patients should also undergo testing for HER2 determine the feasibility of therapy with trastuzumab.

Treating Patients at Late Stage of Disease
Many anti-cancer drug that has been researched to help 50% of patients experienced the final stages of cancer with the aim of improving life expectancy. Although, only a few are shown to prolong survival in patients, including the combination of trastuzumab with capecitabine. Therapeutic focus at the final stage of cancer is palliative (reducing pain). Doctors try to extend and improve the quality of life of patients through therapy hormones, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In breast cancer patients with HER2-positive.